Data Report
Is the media getting Gaza ceasefire violations right? Each party’s count, side by side
News totals of Gaza ceasefire violations trace to party tallies. What Resolution 2803, the Board of Peace report and each side’s own records show.
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172 results for “Legal Record”
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How many times has Israel broken the Gaza ceasefire? The mandated report and each side’s tally
The one report Resolution 2803 requires says violations occur “on a near daily basis” and gives no total. What each party counts, and why.
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Did Israel forcibly displace Arabs in 1948? The archives, the scholars and the UN count
Archival history puts the 1948 exodus near 700,000, with expulsions in some sectors; a 1949 UN count and a 1950 Israeli law recorded no cause.
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Is Israel an ethnostate? The laws, and what political scientists call it
Israel’s 2018 Basic Law reserves self-determination to Jews. The statutes, the ethnic-democracy typology and the official counts, read in full.
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Does Israel deny Palestinian refugees return and their property? The statutes and the land record
Israel voted against resolution 3236 in 1974, 89 to 8. Its entry statutes, the 1950 absentee laws and the land record show what followed.
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Is the apartheid comparison accurate? 120 South African laws, side by side
South Africa’s apartheid statute book, Act by Act, set beside Israel’s enacted texts and court rulings: where the instruments align and where they differ.
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Did Herzl envision a Jewish supremacist state? His text and its earliest critics
Israel’s 1948 Declaration credits Herzl with convening the 1897 congress; a clause making self-determination exclusive to Jews was enacted in 2018.
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Does Israeli law privilege Jews? The 3 statutes that name them
Three Israeli statutes name Jews as a legal category. A reading of their text, the 1992 Basic Law and the Supreme Court’s 2000 equality ruling.
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What was early Zionism’s “Arab question”? An 1891 warning and the documents after it
Ahad Ha’am set out the problem in 1891; the 1931 census counted Jews at 16.9%. The dated texts from Basel to Peel, quoted in their own words.
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How are Zionism and Jewish nationalism connected? The founding texts and their rivals
Israel’s founding text ties the state to the 1897 Zionist Congress. Rival Jewish platforms and official counts show where the two split.
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What role did antisemitism play in Zionism’s rise? In the founders’ own words
Pinsker (1882) and Herzl (1896) put antisemitism at the centre; the 1897 Basel Program never names it. The founding record, read in full.
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Can a Jewish state be a pluralist democracy? Its founding text against its courts
Israel’s Supreme Court in 2000 found no contradiction between Jewish statehood and equality. The statutes and scholarship are read beside it.
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Who disarms first in Gaza, and who withdraws when? What Resolution 2803 says
Resolution 2803 (2025) endorsed a 20-point plan tying staged Israeli withdrawal to conditions and decommissioning to monitors it never names.
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Is AIPAC a grassroots organization? Its own tax return, line by line
AIPAC calls itself grassroots on its 2025 Form 990. The same return reports no dues revenue and 42 volunteers; FEC filings show how its money arrives.
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Is AIPAC directed by a foreign government? What the foreign-agent register shows
AIPAC is absent from 7,076 FARA records and files lobbying reports as its own client. What the registers and the statute record.
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Does AIPAC punish politicians who oppose Israel? Following its super PAC’s $37.9 million
AIPAC’s super PAC reported $20.8 million opposing Democrats and $3.0 million opposing Republicans in the 2024 cycle. What the filings record.
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Who was responsible for the 1948 refugee crisis? The arguments on both sides, from the archives
Morris’s roughly 700,000, the UN’s 711,000 and Israel’s 1950s land statutes: how the record divides the argument over the 1948 refugees.
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Is the right of return a deal-breaker for two states? The 1995 agreement and both publics’ polls
Oslo II lists refugees as one of seven permanent-status items. The 1974 vote, Israel’s entry laws and two polls show where return sits among them.
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What would the right of return do to Israel’s population? The census and the one published scenario
Israel’s 2026 count, the gap any return would have to close, the one computed scenario, and what the official record contains on return.
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How does Israel use military orders to seize land? The 1967 order and the 1979 ruling
A 1979 Israeli Supreme Court judgment, a 1967 military order and a 2005 government review record how seizure orders take West Bank land.
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What is the “natural growth” argument for settlements? The birth counts behind it
Israel’s statistics bureau splits births from migration. A 2005 outpost review and Supreme Court rulings record where settlement homes stand.
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How does Israel fund farm outposts? Inside the government’s own 2005 review
Israel’s own 2005 review named the ministries that financed unauthorized outposts. What its counts, the land instruments and Oslo II show.
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Who accuses Israel of genocide? The court case, the states and Israel’s reply
One state has filed a genocide case against Israel; others use the word in motions, speeches and scholarship. The dated record, with Israel’s own counts.
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Can Israel take uncultivated Palestinian farmland? The 1858 law behind the question
Under the 1858 Ottoman Code, three fallow years created a tapu right, not a seizure. The court record, statutes and counts on how land changed hands.
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Why does Israel call Palestinians a “demographic threat”? The government’s own words and its census
Israel’s Foreign Ministry tied the concern to refugee return in 2009; official counts show the Arab share near 21% from 2024 to 2026.
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What are Israel’s war aims? The government’s own words and counts
Israel’s own documents name two Gaza war aims: the hostages and Hamas’s military capacity. Its counts, aid record and Knesset vote add detail.
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When did the Israeli-Palestinian conflict start? Five dates on the record
A 1937 British inquiry, the 1917 and 1948 instruments and a 1989 study each date the conflict differently. What the dated record shows.
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Do Palestinians have a legal claim to the land as an Indigenous people? What the courts and land codes say
Israel’s Supreme Court ruled 5 to 0 for Palestinian landowners in 1979 on title. What land codes, statutes and resolutions rest claims on.
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Does Israel’s nation-state law enable discrimination? The text, and 15 challenges in court
The 2018 Basic Law has no equality clause and no clause authorizing unequal treatment. Reading its text, the 1992 Basic Law and three court rulings.
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Does Israel discriminate against its Arab citizens? What its courts and statistics show
Israel’s Supreme Court declared a state land allocation discriminatory in 2000. What the ruling, the founding texts and the official counts record.
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Are Palestinians Indigenous to the land? The 1931 census against the treaty definition
The 1931 census counted 759,712 Moslems among 1,035,821 residents; two founding texts claim the same land as a people’s birthplace.
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Does anti-Zionism deny the Jewish right to a state? Three definitions, compared
A 1919 anti-Zionist petition, three antisemitism definitions, Israel’s statutes and a 1995 survey on rejecting a Jewish state versus rejecting Jews.
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What did “colony” mean to early Zionists? The six Judean colonies’ own records
From six Judean colonies in 1882 to 1903 to a 2018 Basic Law clause on settlement: what Zionism’s ‘colony’ named, and where scholars split over it.
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Was Zionism a colonial project? The land, the laws and two court rulings
The colonial argument about Zionism, traced to dated records: the 1922 Mandate, the 1950 land statutes, two court rulings and official counts.
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Does Zionism aim to eliminate Palestinians? What the founding texts and the population counts say
Zionism’s founding texts, both statistics bureaus, the Gaza war record and Israel’s statutes, read against three meanings of “eliminate.”
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Is Zionism an Indigenous rights movement? The laws, the census and five scholarly works
Israel’s 2018 Basic Law cites a “historical right” to self-determination. What the statutes, population counts and named scholarship record.
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How powerful is the Israel lobby? The money and the votes, by the numbers
AIPAC reported $3.76 million in 2025 lobbying income, outside the top 20 clients. Its affiliated super PAC spent $37.9 million in the 2024 cycle.
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Is support for Israel debated in Congress? The roll calls and the polls
Four recorded votes on Israel security assistance, 2021 to 2024, the statutes that condition US transfers, and how voters answer the same question.
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Does the IDF tolerate high civilian casualties? Israel’s own test, and each side’s count
Israel’s stated test sets no fixed civilian toll. Reported thresholds, the IDF’s own procedures and both parties’ counts, read side by side.
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Why is the Gaza blockade called collective punishment? Who says it, and Israel’s own record
COGAT’s own record shows a 2 March to 19 May 2025 nil-entry period; Israel’s Supreme Court tied the term to disproportionate use in 2014.
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Which Countries Recognize Israel’s Actions in Gaza as Genocide? Reading the Court Filing, the Recorded Votes and the Dated Statements
One state has filed a genocide claim against Israel at the World Court. Others used the word in speeches and motions; no register counts recognitions.
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Is Israel Cutting Off Electricity and Reimposing Siege on Gaza During the Ceasefire? Reading the Dated Orders, the Endorsed Instrument and Each Party’s Own Counts
Israel’s energy minister halted the last grid line on 9 March 2025, and Israel’s own aid portal records zero entry from 2 March to 19 May 2025.
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Is Israel Preventing Palestinians From Leaving Gaza for Medical Treatment? Reading the Permit Instrument, the Exit Counts and the Court Orders
WHO counts 7,841 Gaza medical evacuations to September 2025, most before May 2024. Israel reports approving 98% of submitted requests.
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What Is the History Behind Claims That Israel Violates Gaza Ceasefires? Reading Seven Truces Since 2008 and the Research on Who Breaks Them
Seven Gaza truces since 2008, each ended by an incident each side blamed on the other. What the dated record and the research on lulls show.
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Have Former Israeli Officials or UN Leaders Called It Apartheid? Reading the 14 Named Statements, Their Dates and Their Tense
The list of 15 former Israeli leaders names 14. Six apply the word to the present; the rest warn, use other words, or trace to someone else.
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Does the Gaza Ceasefire Plan Offer a Path to Palestinian Statehood? Reading Point 19, the Council Vote and Each Party’s Own Words
The plan’s only statehood clause says conditions “may” allow a pathway. What the Council text, the 1933 criteria and each party’s own words record.
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Is Israel’s Annexation of East Jerusalem Recognized Internationally? Reading the Recorded Votes, the Enacted Texts and Both Bureaus’ Counts
No state has published a recognition of sovereignty over East Jerusalem. What the recorded votes, the enacted texts and both bureaus’ counts show.
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Why Do Some People Criticize the Idea That Israel Is Important to Jews? Reading the Objections Their Authors Wrote Down, the Measured Shares and the Enacted Texts
Four dated texts from 1885 to 1919 state the objection in their authors’ own words, against Pew’s measured shares and Israel’s own enacted law.
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How Is Jewish Identity Tied to the Land of Israel? Reading the Founding Texts, the Dissenting Platforms, the Statutes and the Population Record
Israel’s founding text, statutes and census tie Jewish identity to the land; 45% of US Jews call caring about Israel essential to being Jewish.
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What Does UN General Assembly Resolution 3236 Say About the Palestinian Right of Return? Reading the Text, the 1974 Vote and the Instruments Around It
Resolution 3236 of 1974 calls return an inalienable right. It passed 89 to 8 with 37 abstentions and restates a 1948 paragraph without its compensation clause.
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How Does Palestinian Indigeneity Relate to the Claim for Liberation and Sovereignty?
Three UN resolutions across 22 years attach self-determination and statehood to the Palestinian people. None uses the treaty category of indigeneity.
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How Does the Occupation Affect Palestinian Access to Water and Electricity? Reading the Per-Capita Measurements, the Signed Agreement and the Damage Assessments
Palestinians used 86.3 litres of water a day in 2021 against a 100-litre reference, and bought 22% of their water from Israel’s national utility.
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What Is Breaking the Silence, and What Do Its Testimonies Record About the Occupation?
An Israeli veterans’ group has collected accounts from over 1,000 soldiers since 2004. What a testimony archive can and cannot measure.
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How Does Israel Control the Palestinian Economy Under Occupation? Reading the Signed Protocol, the Revenue Deductions and the Permit Registers
Israel collects the customs and VAT the World Bank calls the Palestinian Authority’s primary revenue source. What the signed texts and registers record.
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Why Is Israel’s Occupation Called the Longest in Modern History? Reading the 1967 Orders, the Interim Agreement and Israel’s Own Court Record
The occupation dates to June 1967, 59 years by 2026. What the military orders, Oslo II and Israel’s own court record show about its length.
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Is the Destruction of Cultural Heritage by Israel a War Crime? Reading the Treaty Elements, the Verified Site Inventory and the Prosecution Record
UNESCO has verified damage to 164 heritage sites in Gaza as of March 2026. What the treaty elements require, and what has actually been charged and tried.
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What Are the Arguments That Zionism Is Racist? Reading the 1975 Resolution, Israel’s Statutes and the Named Scholarship
The case that Zionism is racist rests on a revoked 1975 UN vote, two Israeli statutes and rival scholarship. What each text says.
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Did Israel Support Apartheid South Africa’s Regime? Reading the Export Share, the 1975 Records and the Denial
South Africa took 35% of Israel’s security exports in the late 1970s. What the 1975 records, the 2010 denial and the historians show.
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What Records Would Settle NAZA’s Claims? The Counts Neither Side Has Published
Eight claims in the dispute over NAZA, the IDF record that would test each, and what has been published from it for this war.
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What Must an IDF Soldier Do Who Sees a Violation? NAZA’s Insiders and the IDF’s Own Rules
The IDF says NAZA’s interviewees had to report what they saw. Its ethics code, the black-flag test and 74 investigations show what that means.
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Does Hamas Fight From Civilian Sites, as the IDF Says in Answer to NAZA? What Israel’s Own Records Show
Israel’s own records back the IDF’s answer to NAZA with a map and cases, not a count. What they show about Hamas and civilian sites.
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Did IDF Strikes Stop at the Gaza Ceasefire? What Its Own Footage and the Ceasefire Record Show
Two IDF clips show strikes diverted after the Gaza ceasefire began. What they, resolution 2803 and each party’s ledger show about how it held.
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Did the IDF Strike Neighborhoods It Knew Were Still Populated? What Its Own Sector Map Shows
The IDF kept a 630-sector map of who stayed in Gaza. What it, Israel’s warning counts and IDF footage show about NAZA’s claim on populated areas.
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Does the IDF Bomb Homes Knowing Families Are Inside? What Its Own Target Card Shows
The one target card Israel has published lists a family at the target. What it, and Israel’s rules on warnings, show about NAZA’s claim.
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Does the IDF Deliberately Target Civilians, as NAZA Alleges? What Its Own Rules and Strike Footage Show
The IDF’s own definition of who may be attacked, its strike chart, 18 clips of its footage and Israel’s 2015 war report, set against NAZA’s claims.
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NAZA Says Civilian Deaths Were Built Into Strike Approvals. What Do the IDF’s Targeting Records Show?
What an IDF targeting presentation and 18 clips of IDF strike footage show about the documentary NAZA’s claim that civilian deaths were built into approvals.
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Does AI Decide Who the IDF Strikes, as NAZA Alleges? What Its Own Approval Chain Shows
The IDF’s nine targeting stages name no software. What they, its account of Habsora and Lavender, and 18 clips show about NAZA’s AI claim.
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Does “Occupation” Still Describe Israel? What the Word Designates, the Test It Turns On, and What Each Register Counts
The term attaches to named parcels of territory, not to a state. What the instruments, Israel’s own court record and each population register show.
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Does Length of Residence Decide Whether an Expulsion Is Lawful? Reading the Treaty Clauses, the Land Codes and the Compensation File
The instruments governing forced displacement carry no term of years. Where duration is legally operative, it is in property law.
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What Is the Human Cost of the Israeli Occupation? Reading the Registers, the Windows and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four registers count the occupation’s human cost across different territories and years. What each one measures, and where the counting stops.
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Is the United States Complicit in Israeli War Crimes? What the Transfer Statutes and the Complicity Article Actually Require
Article 16 sets two cumulative conditions for complicity. United States arms law uses neither, and names international humanitarian law nowhere.
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What Do Other States Owe Over the Occupation? Reading the Codification Text, the Geneva Sentence and the Export Statutes
The duty not to recognize or assist is stated outright in a text never opened for signature. What the treaty sentence and the export statutes actually say.
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How Does West Bank Land Become State Land? Reading the 1858 Code Articles, the 1979 Resolution and the Court Record
Article 68 of the Ottoman Land Code says fallow land becomes the right of Tapu, not that it reverts to the state. Reading the articles as enacted.
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Does a Claim of Self-Defence Answer a Genocide Charge? Reading the Convention Text, the Rome Statute Grounds and the Charter Article
The 1948 Genocide Convention runs to 19 articles and none states a defence. Where self-defence sits instead, and which question each instrument answers.
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Does the Palestinian Authority Support a Two-State Solution? Reading the Dated Statements, the Standing Position and the Measured Polls
Two dated 2026 Palestinian statements set against a survey of 1,270 people that recorded 44% support and 50% opposition on a bare two-state item.
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Are Israeli Forces Targeting Palestinian Children? Reading the Registers That Count Children and Each Party’s Own Records
One register counts Gaza’s children as children: the Gaza Ministry of Health’s, at 15,613 of 50,021. What its own documents record, and what Israel’s do not.
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Why Do People Call Gaza a Genocide? Reading the Poll Toplines, the Verbatim Question Stems and a Split-Sample Wording Test
Quinnipiac recorded 50% of 1,220 registered voters saying Israel is committing genocide. YouGov moved the yes share 8 points by changing one noun.
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Who Owns Palestine? Reading the Jurisdiction Clauses, the Military Order and the Treaty Standard
The 1995 Interim Agreement splits the West Bank into three jurisdictions and assigns title to none of them. What the governing instruments say.
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What Do UN Reports Find About Children in Gaza? Reading the Documents Named, the Peer-Reviewed Analyses and Where Each Figure Was Produced
Naming the documents behind “UN reports say” on children in Gaza: 68.2% of 475 schools damaged in 46 days, and where each relayed figure was produced.
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Do Israeli Settlements Hinder the Two-State Solution? Reading the Signed Interim Agreement, the Court Records and the Recorded Votes
What the 1995 Interim Agreement, two Israeli outpost judgments and a 1933 treaty actually say about settlements, Area C jurisdiction and statehood.
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How Is Israel Similar to Apartheid South Africa? Reading Both Statute Books, the Court Records and the Signed Agreements
South Africa’s own state commission listed 120 apartheid Acts with dates; Israel’s record on the same dimensions is a different set of instruments.
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Has Israel Violated the Gaza Ceasefire Agreement? Reading the Resolution, the Mandated Report and Each Party’s Own Count
Security Council resolution 2803 uses the word violation zero times. What the one mandated report and each party’s own count actually record.
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What Would a Palestinian State Require to Function? Reading the Registers, Censuses and Audits
What the registers, censuses, audits and court files record about the machinery a Palestinian state would run on, and where the record holds nothing.
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Is Settler Colonialism in the West Bank as Bad as People Say? Reading the Official Registers, the Planning Data and the Demolition Counts
Israel’s own register, EU planning and demolition data, the two totals that diverge by 18,518 units, and where the label is disputed but the counts are not.
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What Exactly Was the Nakba? Reading the Named Definitions, the 1949 Counts and the Dispute Over Its Name
Named definitions, the 711,000 to 774,000 refugee counts of 1949, and the dated scholarly dispute over what the term covers.
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What Is the International Legal Basis for the Palestinian Right of Return? Reading the Four Named Instruments, the 1948 Vote and the Court Record
Four instruments carry the right-of-return claim. One is a ratified treaty, and the 1948 resolution passed 35 to 15 with 8 abstentions.
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Is Israel’s Occupation of Palestinian Territories Related to Its Opposition to Statehood? Reading the Recorded Votes, the Treaty Text and Each Party’s Own Statements
Israel’s parliament voted 68 to 9 against Palestinian statehood in July 2024. What the recorded votes and the law of occupation each hold.
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How Does Land Titling Advance Israeli Control Over Occupied Territory? Reading the Registration Counts, the Cabinet Decision and the Treaty Text
1.3 million dunums registered since 2016, 24,258 dunams declared state land in 2024, and what a 1907 treaty text says about a land register.
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Are Jews Foreign Occupiers of Israel? Reading the Treaty Definition, the Population Registers and the Founding Instruments
Occupation findings attach to territory, not to a people: what the treaty text, Israel’s registers and the 1922 and 1947 instruments record.
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Who Is the Aggressor in the Israel-Palestine Conflict? Reading the Definition, the Deciding Forum and Each Party’s Own Counts
Aggression is a defined legal term with one deciding forum. What the 1974 definition, the recorded votes and each party’s own counts record.
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Did Zionism’s Founders Call Themselves Colonizers? Reading the Texts, the Charters and the Named Dispute
Herzl wrote in 1902 that Zionism was “something colonial.” What the founding texts, charters and scholarship record about the word.
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What Caused the Displacement of Palestinians in 1948? Reading the Archives, the Directive and the Locality Counts
The 1948 displacement, cause by cause: what the archival typology assigns to military operations, expulsion orders, and fear.
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Why Is the Two-State Solution Failing? Reading the Enacted Texts, the Official Counts and the Named Analyses
Three conditions partition requires, read against Israel’s and the Palestinian Authority’s own published counts, the enacted texts and the recorded votes.
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Why Is the IDF Called the Israeli Occupation Forces? Reading the Founding Order, Israel’s Own Record and the Measured Corpora
The army was named by order of Israel’s Provisional Government on 26 May 1948. What the legal record, the army’s own code and coded corpora show.
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Is the IDF the World’s Most Moral Army? Reading the Surveys, the Army’s Own Code and Its Own Investigation Counts
In a 2022 JPPI survey, 47% of Israeli Jews called the claim highly accurate. What the surveys, the army’s own code and its own investigation counts record.
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What Evidence Suggests Zionism Is a Settler-Colonial Ideology? Reading the Named Scholarship, the Framework’s Criteria and the Enacted Texts
Four classes of evidence carry the settler-colonial reading of Zionism. What the named literature, the framework’s criteria and the enacted texts record.
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Why Are Israeli Settlements Considered Illegal Under International Law? Reading the Treaty Clause, the Recorded Vote and Israel’s Own Court Record
The illegality finding traces to one sentence of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention. What the clause says, and where the reading is disputed.
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Were Children in Gaza Shot in Areas Designated as Safe? Reading the Compiled Cases, the Treaty Text and Each Party’s Own Counts
A BBC investigation compiled 168 cases of children shot in Gaza, 95 in the head or chest. What the records establish and what they do not.
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What Are the Moral Arguments for the Palestinian Right of Return? Reading the Named Texts, the Instruments and the Objections
Six moral grounds recur in the named literature on Palestinian return, from corrective justice to peoplehood. What each text actually says.
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What Is the Connection Between the Right of Return and Israeli Apartheid? Reading the Treaty Clause, the 1948 Resolution and Israel’s Own Statutes
One clause of the 1973 Apartheid Convention names the right to return. What the treaty text, Resolution 194 and Israel’s enacted records hold.
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Does Israel Discriminate Against Palestinian Refugees? Reading the Statutes, the Court Record and the Counts Each Body Publishes
Israel’s Law of Return, its 1952 Citizenship Law, the court record on family reunification, and why four published refugee counts differ by millions.
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What Are the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict? Reading the Dated Instruments, the Commissioned Reviews and the Official Counts
Historians date the formative period to 1882. What the Balfour text, the Mandate instrument, the 1937 commission and the official counts record.
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How Have the October 7 Atrocities Been Justified? Reading the Catalogued Frames, the Party’s Own Text and the Treaty Clauses
Three catalogued denial categories, Hamas’s own January 2024 text, the treaty clauses that answer them, and the monitoring counts that coincided.
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Does Israel’s Nation-State Law Set a Legal Pretext for Mistreating Palestinians? Reading the Enacted Text, the Court Record and Israel’s Own Registers
The 2018 Basic Law’s eleven clauses, the 2021 High Court ruling that upheld it, and what Israel’s own statistical registers count.
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Does Israel’s Nation-State Law Enshrine Jewish Supremacy Over Palestinian Citizens? Reading the Enacted Text, the Vote and the Court Record
The 2018 Basic Law’s Article 1(c) makes national self-determination exclusive to the Jewish People. What the text, the vote and the ruling record.
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Who Are the Indigenous People of Israel/Palestine? Reading the Treaty Criteria, the Recorded Vote and the Two Statistical Registers
No treaty body names one. What the 1989 criteria, the 2007 UN vote and the two official statistical registers actually record.
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What Is the Relationship Between the IDF and Israeli Settlers in the West Bank? Reading the Official Records, the Enacted Texts and the Testimony
The State Department’s 2023 report, Israel’s own enacted texts and the 2024 transfer of civil powers, against the figures nobody publishes.
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What Is the Current Situation in the Gaza Strip? Reading the Counts Each Body Publishes
UNICEF, a World Bank, EU and UN damage assessment and Israel’s own agencies each publish a different piece of the Gaza picture. What the dated counts record.
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How Did Early Zionists Interact With Palestinians? Reading the Colony Records, the Founding Texts and the Historians’ Dispute
An 1886 clash, a labor ratio, boundary and grazing disputes in the colony archives: what the dated record holds on early Zionist and Palestinian contact.
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Is Boycotting Israel or Its Territories Antisemitic? Reading the Published Definitions, the Official Adoptions and the Survey Record
Three published definitions of antisemitism split on boycotts. What the texts, the official adoptions and the survey record actually state.
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Did Arabs Lose Property by Vacating It in 1948? Reading the Enacted Texts, the Claims Filed and the Valuations on Record
The 1950 absentee statute, the property claims the Conciliation Commission sampled in 1951, and the valuations on record, each named and dated.
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How Do AIPAC’s Affiliated Networks Influence Congressional Races? Reading the FEC Filings, the Recorded Votes and the Disclosed Travel
Two channels, two sets of filings: what the campaign finance record shows about AIPAC-affiliated money in congressional races, and what it never records.
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Does AIPAC Influence Media Coverage of Israel? What the Filings and the Coverage Counts Record
Campaign-finance filings, congressional travel disclosures, published coverage tallies and survey trends, and what each one actually records.
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Is Blocking Humanitarian Aid to Gaza Collective Punishment? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four named bodies apply the term and no tribunal has entered the finding. What Article 33, the relief-passage rules and each party’s counts record.
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Has Zionism Resulted in Palestinian Dispossession and Occupation? Reading the Archives, the Enacted Texts and the Recorded Votes
Roughly 700,000 Palestinians were displaced in 1947 to 1949, per Morris’s archival history. What the archives, statutes and recorded votes hold.
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Who Owned the Land of Palestine, and How Did It Change Hands? Reading the Registers, the Purchase Figures and the 1948 Instruments
Published shares of Jewish landholding at the end of the Mandate run from 2.1% to 7.6%. Reading the registers, the purchases and the 1948 instruments.
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Which Humanitarian Organizations Have Documented Israeli War Crimes? Reading the Published Findings and the Accountability Counts
Four NGOs and two UN mandate bodies carry the war-crimes findings on Gaza; Israel’s own prosecutors report 74 investigations from 1,000+ referrals.
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What Do Human Rights Groups Argue When They Call Israel an Apartheid State? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations and Israel’s Own Records
The published apartheid arguments rest on a three-element treaty test. What each element claims, and what the primary records hold.
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What Evidence Is There of Israel Committing War Crimes? Reading the Findings Issued, the Party Counts and the Court Record
Israel’s military prosecutors report 74 criminal investigations; the wider war-crimes record is incident-level, dated and largely unadjudicated.
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Is Torture of Palestinian Prisoners a War Crime? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations Issued and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Geneva Convention IV names torture of protected persons a grave breach. What the treaty text, Israel’s court rulings and its own counts record.
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Are Attacks on Palestinian Civilians and Property Systematic? Reading the Findings Issued, the Treaty Standard and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Four named bodies have issued findings of systematic attacks since 2023. What the treaty standard requires, and what Israel’s own investigation counts record.
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Is There a Policy of Starvation in Gaza? Reading the Treaty Standard, the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
No court has ruled on starvation as a method of war in Gaza. What the treaty text, the famine classification and Israel’s own aid counts record.
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Is Israel Carrying Out a Deliberate Campaign of Starvation in Gaza? Reading the Determinations, the Treaty Standard and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four bodies issued deliberate-starvation determinations from 2023 to 2025; the judicial record reaches only reasonable grounds. What each figure measures.
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Is Israel Using Starvation as a Weapon Against Children in Gaza? Reading the Determinations Issued, the Treaty Standard and Each Party’s Own Counts
Named determinations, WHO screening figures, the Rome Statute’s intent standard and each party’s own published counts on child hunger in Gaza.
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Is Denying Palestinian Identity Part of an Apartheid System? Reading the Treaty Text, the Dated Determinations and Israel’s Own Records
The 1973 Apartheid Convention names the right to a nationality once. What the treaty text, the dated determinations and Israel’s own records hold.
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How Does the Occupation Since 1967 Feed Apartheid Allegations? Reading the Treaty Texts, the Court Record and Israel’s Own Statistics
Israel has held the West Bank and East Jerusalem since June 1967. What the treaty texts, court records and official statistics document.
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How Do West Bank Settlements Figure in Apartheid Allegations? Reading the Treaty Clause, the Dated Determinations and Israel’s Own Statistics
Which settlement policies the apartheid determinations name, why the settler counts differ, and what Israel’s own statistics and the treaty texts record.
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Does the Blockade Exacerbate the Gaza Genocide? Reading the Deprivation Figures, the Convention Text and Each Party’s Own Counts
Deprivation figures, the 1948 Convention text, court orders and each party’s own aid counts on whether restrictions worsened conditions in Gaza.
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Does Israel’s Nation-State Law Define the State on Racial Grounds? Reading the Enacted Text, the Treaty Definition and the Court Record
No tribunal outside Israel has ruled on the 2018 nation-state law. What the enacted text, ICERD’s definition and the 2021 judgment hold.
Data Report
What Is the Impact of Israeli Military Raids on Palestinian Civilians? Reading the Counts Each Party Publishes
The Gaza Ministry of Health counted 274 killed in one 2024 raid; Israel’s military reports 74 investigations opened. What each record measures.
Data Report
What Are the Characteristics of the System Described as “Israeli Apartheid”? Reading the Named Enumerations, the Treaty Text and the Official Counts
Two documents enumerate four and five characteristics. What the treaty definition, the census counts and Israel’s own statistics record about each.
Data Report
Why Is Israel Seen as the Aggressor? Reading the Polls, the Party Counts and the Framing Studies
Gallup’s sympathies reading fell from 63% in 2010 to 46% in 2025. Which reasons offered for the shift carry a dated measurement, and which do not.
Data Report
Which Historical Incidents Are Cited as Israeli War Crimes? Reading the Compilations, the Court Records and the Commissions of Inquiry
Eight incidents recur across the published compilations, from April 1948 to October 2023. One produced a criminal conviction in an Israeli court.
Data Report
Which Historical Events Are Cited in Genocide Allegations Against Israel? Reading the Recorded Vote, the Archives and Each Party’s Own Counts
Six events recur in the allegations. What the 1982 recorded vote, the 1948 archives and each party’s own published counts state, dated.
Data Report
What Is the Connection Between the Genocide Convention and the Situation in Gaza? Reading the Treaty Text, the Procedural Record and Each Party’s Own Counts
The 1948 Genocide Convention supplies the definition, the duty and the clause behind the Gaza case. What the record holds, article by article, dated.
Data Report
What Is the Evidence Behind the Genocide Allegations in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Standards Applied and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four bodies published genocide findings on Gaza between 2024 and 2025. What each documented, which standard it applied, and what Israel published.
Data Report
Does the Gaza Death Toll Establish Genocide? Reading the Convention Text, the Counts and the Court Record
The Genocide Convention sets no threshold count. What the recorded tolls, the peer-reviewed survey estimate and the court record show.
Data Report
Is the Gaza Blockade a Violation of Human Dignity? Reading the Assessments Issued, the Legal Standards and Each Party’s Own Counts
The dignity phrasing traces to one 2008 humanitarian assessment. What the published characterizations, the treaty text and each party’s counts hold.
Data Report
Has Israel Continued to Use Starvation as a Weapon of War in Gaza? Reading the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
Five dated determinations from 2023 to 2025, the standard each one applied, and the counts Israel and Gaza health officials each publish.
Data Report
Is Israel a Colonizer or an Expansionist Power? Reading the Territorial Record, the Statutes and the Counts
Israel’s West Bank settler count reached 503,732 in 2024; the Sinai was returned by treaty in 1982. What the statutes, votes and counts record.
Data Report
What Does “Colonial Violence” Name in the Zionism Debate? Reading the Definitions, the Treaty Texts and the Counts
The phrase names four practices. No treaty defines it as an offence. Reading the published definitions, Israel’s enacted texts and the counts.
Data Report
Does Israel Intentionally Target Civilian Infrastructure? Reading the Determinations, the Satellite Data and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
No court has ruled on a single strike. What UN determinations, satellite analysis and Israel’s own investigation counts each record, and what each measures.
Data Report
Does Israel Practice Apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territories? Reading the Treaty Text, the Dated Determinations and the Court Record
Four determinations apply the term between 2021 and 2022, none of them judicial. What the treaty text, the enacted law and the court record hold.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Rule Meet the Apartheid Definition Under International Law? Reading the Three Treaty Texts, the Ratifications and the Court Record
Three treaties define apartheid differently. What each requires, which ones Israel has ratified, and what the one judicial instrument on record held.
Data Report
Does Israel Create a Double Exclusion of Palestinians? Reading the Statuses the Official Records Keep Apart
Four Palestinian population statuses appear in the official records, each counted by a different body. What each one measures, and where the evidence thins.
Data Report
Does the Gaza Conflict Encompass Mass Killings and Deliberate Starvation? What Each Body Counted
A Lancet Global Health survey estimated 75,200 violent deaths in Gaza to January 2025; the health ministry has recorded 460 malnutrition deaths.
Data Report
How Does Israel’s Regime Perpetuate Jewish Supremacy? Reading the Enacted Text, the Court Record and the Official Counts
The 2018 Basic Law passed 62 to 55, the Supreme Court upheld it in 2021, and Israel’s own statistics count 2.13 million Arab citizens.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out a Genocide in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Findings Issued and the Counts Each Party Publishes
The 1948 Convention sets two elements, a UN commission found four of five acts in 2025, and no court has ruled on the merits.
Data Report
What Pattern of Conduct Indicates Genocidal Intent in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Findings and Israel’s Own Counts
The 1948 Genocide Convention lists five acts. Which bodies say the Gaza pattern meets that standard, and what Israel’s own records count.
Data Report
Is Israel an Ethnostate Formed Through Apartheid and Ethnic Cleansing? Reading the Statutes, the Counts and the Scholarship
Israel’s own count records 2.13 million Arab citizens and residents. What the statutes, the 1949 refugee record and the scholarship hold.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza? Reading the Standard, the Findings Issued and the Counts Each Party Publishes
No court has ruled. What the issued findings say, what the legal standard requires, and what the official population and military counts record.
Data Report
Is Israel Deliberately Targeting Palestinian Civilians? Reading the Findings Issued, the Directives and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Named bodies allege direct attacks on civilians. Israel’s military advocate reports 74 criminal investigations from over 1,000 referred incidents.
Data Report
Why Is Israel’s Treatment of Palestinians Called Apartheid? Reading the Treaty Definition, the Dated Determinations and Israel’s Own Records
The characterization traces to a 1973 treaty definition and to determinations published between January 2021 and February 2022. What each record holds.
Data Report
What Evidence Supports the Claim That Israel’s Rule Amounts to Apartheid? Reading the Treaty Text, the Published Determinations and the Official Statistics
Four determinations published between January 2021 and March 2022 carry the finding. What the treaty text requires, and what the records hold.
Data Report
Is Anti-Zionism a Legitimate Moral Stand Against Israel’s Practices? Reading the Standards, the Rulings and the Coded Discourse
What a 2024 UK tribunal ruled, what the ADL and INSS standards set as the line, and what coded discourse studies measure about self-determination.
Data Report
Is Israel Committing War Crimes in Gaza? What the Legal Record and the Published Counts Hold
No court has entered a verdict. What the warrants, the treaty standards, the named findings and the parties’ own counts record.
Data Report
Did Israel Expel Palestinians From Their Land? Reading the Archives, the Founding Text and the 1948 Votes
Roughly 700,000 Palestinians were displaced in 1948. What the archives, Israel’s founding declaration and the recorded UN votes document.
Data Report
Was the Gaza Campaign Unrestrained Against an Undefended Population? Reading the Counts Each Party Publishes
Israel’s own 2014 classification, an internal military database, a Lancet household survey and the Gaza health ministry tally, set side by side.
Data Report
Does Amnesty International Describe Israel’s Actions as Genocide and Apartheid? Reading the Published Documents and the Record Around Them
Two dated documents, one internal rejection, a named legal disagreement over intent, and the counts each party publishes.
Data Report
What Is the “End Game of Zionism” Concerning Palestinian Land? Reading the Enacted Texts and the Land Records
Israel’s 2018 Basic Law, the Levy and Sasson reviews, and the Palestinian census records, set against the river-to-sea reading of Zionism’s stated end.
Data Report
What Is the Historical Basis for Claims of Jewish Supremacy in Israel? Reading the Enacted Texts and the Court Record
The 1948 Declaration, the 2018 Basic Law passed 62 to 55, and two Supreme Court rulings: what the dated documents behind the claim actually say.
Data Report
What Role Does Settler Violence Play in Taking Palestinian Land? Reading the Official Records and the Mapped Counts
The State Department recorded 1,277 settler-violence incidents in 2023 and 1,442 Palestinians displaced. What each record and mapping actually counts.
Data Report
What Methods Do Settlers Use to Displace Palestinians? Reading the Documentation, the Reviews and the Court Record
Three method groupings recur across the documented record, alongside Israel’s own 2005 commissioned review and two High Court evacuation rulings.
Data Report
Does Prior Presence Justify Forced Removal? Reading the Conventions, the Archives and the 1947 Vote
Three instruments, two archive-based histories and one recorded vote: what the texts and counts behind the 1948 displacement actually say.
Data Report
How Much Palestinian Land Has Israel Taken? Reading the Declarations, the Statutes and the Court Record
Published totals run from about 1 million to more than 17 million dunams. What each figure counts, and which body measured it.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Government Promote a Jewish Supremacist Agenda? Reading the Enacted Texts, the Votes and the Court Record
Israel’s Nation-State Basic Law passed 62 to 55 in 2018 with no equality clause. What the enacted texts, commissioned reviews and court rulings record.
Data Report
Does AIPAC Use “Dark Money” in Elections? What the Filings Record
Both AIPAC federal committees itemize donors with the FEC: $37,860,200 in 2024 super PAC spending, and where the disclosure chain stops.
Data Report
Is Settler Expansion Part of a Long-Term Strategy to Empty the West Bank of Palestinians?
The Palestinian census counted 2,881,687 West Bank residents in 2017. What the population record, Israel’s own state reviews and its court rulings document.
Data Report
What Do Israel’s Own Reviews and Court Records Say About Settler Outposts?
The 2005 Sasson Report, the 2012 Levy Report, a 2016 High Court order and the UN inquiry: what each document records about outposts and enforcement.
Data Report
Which Israeli Laws Are Called Jewish Supremacist, and What Do They Say?
Seven Israeli laws carry the label. One is a Basic Law, passed 62 to 55 in July 2018 and upheld 10 to 1 by the Supreme Court in July 2021.
Discourse
We Read the 36 Most-Watched Israel-Gaza Explainers. How Do They Frame the Conflict?
A first-party study of the language in the 36 most-watched Israel-Gaza explainer videos: contested-claim verdicts, who is named the actor, and the words used for each side.
Discourse
How Gaza-War Headlines Name the Agent of Violence
A corpus study of 1,976 Gaza-war headlines: only 19% depict a violent act, and when one names an actor it is Israel 80% of the time and no one 23%.