Data Report
What Exactly Was the Nakba? Reading the Named Definitions, the 1949 Counts and the Dispute Over Its Name
Named definitions, the 711,000 to 774,000 refugee counts of 1949, and the dated scholarly dispute over what the term covers.
Search
80 results for “Contested Counts”
Data Report
Do Israeli Politicians Undermine the Legitimacy of Palestinian Representatives? Reading the Enacted Texts, the Recorded Votes and the Court Record
Israel’s Knesset can unseat a member by 90 of 120 votes and rejected Palestinian statehood 68 to 9. What the enacted record and the courts show.
Data Report
Is Israel’s Occupation of Palestinian Territories Related to Its Opposition to Statehood? Reading the Recorded Votes, the Treaty Text and Each Party’s Own Statements
Israel’s parliament voted 99 to 9 against Palestinian statehood in July 2024. What the recorded votes and the law of occupation each hold.
Data Report
How Does Land Titling Advance Israeli Control Over Occupied Territory? Reading the Registration Counts, the Cabinet Decision and the Treaty Text
1.3 million dunums registered since 2016, 24,258 dunams declared state land in 2024, and what a 1907 treaty text says about a land register.
Data Report
Are Jews Foreign Occupiers of Israel? Reading the Treaty Definition, the Population Registers and the Founding Instruments
Occupation findings attach to territory, not to a people: what the treaty text, Israel’s registers and the 1922 and 1947 instruments record.
Data Report
How Does AIPAC Affect Progressive Democrats? Reading the FEC Filings, the Recorded Votes and the Measured Corpora
The United Democracy Project reported $37,860,200 in 2024-cycle independent expenditures. What the filings and the roll calls record.
Data Report
Who Is the Aggressor in the Israel-Palestine Conflict? Reading the Definition, the Deciding Forum and Each Party’s Own Counts
Aggression is a defined legal term with one deciding forum. What the 1974 definition, the recorded votes and each party’s own counts record.
Data Report
Who Is Preventing Peace? Reading the Parties’ Own Conditions, the Recorded Votes and the Conflict Datasets
No dataset ranks who blocks peace. What the record holds: each party’s stated conditions, a 2018 Basic Law, a 2021 ruling and four recorded votes.
Data Report
Why Is the Two-State Solution Failing? Reading the Enacted Texts, the Official Counts and the Named Analyses
Three conditions partition requires, read against Israel’s and the Palestinian Authority’s own published counts, the enacted texts and the recorded votes.
Data Report
Why Is the IDF Called the Israeli Occupation Forces? Reading the Founding Order, Israel’s Own Record and the Measured Corpora
The army was named by order of Israel’s Provisional Government on 26 May 1948. What the legal record, the army’s own code and coded corpora show.
Data Report
What Evidence Suggests Zionism Is a Settler-Colonial Ideology? Reading the Named Scholarship, the Framework’s Criteria and the Enacted Texts
Four classes of evidence carry the settler-colonial reading of Zionism. What the named literature, the enacted texts and measured discourse record.
Data Report
What Are the Moral Arguments for the Palestinian Right of Return? Reading the Named Texts, the Instruments and the Objections
Six moral grounds recur in the named literature on Palestinian return, from corrective justice to peoplehood. What each text actually says.
Data Report
What Is the Connection Between the Right of Return and Israeli Apartheid? Reading the Treaty Clause, the 1948 Resolution and Israel’s Own Statutes
One clause of the 1973 Apartheid Convention names the right to return. What the treaty text, Resolution 194 and Israel’s enacted records hold.
Data Report
Does Israel Discriminate Against Palestinian Refugees? Reading the Statutes, the Court Record and the Counts Each Body Publishes
Israel’s Law of Return, its 1952 Citizenship Law, the court record on family reunification, and why four published refugee counts differ by millions.
Data Report
What Are the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict? Reading the Dated Instruments, the Commissioned Reviews and the Official Counts
Historians date the formative period to 1882. What the Balfour text, the Mandate instrument, the 1937 commission and the official counts record.
Data Report
How Have the October 7 Atrocities Been Justified? Reading the Catalogued Frames, the Party’s Own Text and the Treaty Clauses
Three catalogued denial categories, Hamas’s own January 2024 text, the treaty clauses that answer them, and the monitoring counts that coincided.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Nation-State Law Set a Legal Pretext for Mistreating Palestinians? Reading the Enacted Text, the Court Record and Israel’s Own Registers
The 2018 Basic Law’s eleven clauses, the 2021 High Court ruling that upheld it, and what Israel’s own statistical registers count.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Nation-State Law Enshrine Jewish Supremacy Over Palestinian Citizens? Reading the Enacted Text, the Vote and the Court Record
The 2018 Basic Law’s Article 1(c) makes national self-determination exclusive to the Jewish People. What the text, the vote and the ruling record.
Data Report
Did Herzl and Jabotinsky Describe Zionism in Colonial Terms? Reading the Founding Texts, the Charters and the Recorded Votes
Herzl’s 1896 pamphlet, his 1902 letter to Rhodes and Jabotinsky’s 1923 essay, read with the charters, the sovereigns approached and the 1903 vote.
Data Report
Does Hamas Account for Deaths Caused by Hamas Itself? Reading the Fields on the Published Lists
What the Gaza Ministry of Health’s fatality records actually contain, what each party counts separately, and what no published list reconciles.
Data Report
How Did Early Zionists Interact With Palestinians? Reading the Colony Records, the Founding Texts and the Historians’ Dispute
Colony logbooks, an 1886 clash, a labor ratio and the founding texts: what the dated record holds on early Zionist and Palestinian contact.
Data Report
Do Palestinians Have a Continuous Presence in the Land of Palestine? Reading the Censuses, the Official Counts and the Named Scholarship
4,780,978 enumerated in 2017: what the censuses, Israel’s own counts and the named scholarship record about continuity of presence.
Data Report
How Do AIPAC’s Affiliated Networks Influence Congressional Races? Reading the FEC Filings, the Recorded Votes and the Disclosed Travel
Two channels, two sets of filings: what the campaign finance record shows about AIPAC-affiliated money in congressional races, and what it never records.
Data Report
Is Blocking Humanitarian Aid to Gaza Collective Punishment? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four named bodies apply the term and no tribunal has entered the finding. What Article 33, the relief-passage rules and each party’s counts record.
Data Report
Has Zionism Resulted in Palestinian Dispossession and Occupation? Reading the Archives, the Enacted Texts and the Recorded Votes
Roughly 700,000 Palestinians were displaced in 1947 to 1949, per Morris’s archival history. What the archives, statutes and recorded votes hold.
Data Report
Which Humanitarian Organizations Have Documented Israeli War Crimes? Reading the Published Findings and the Accountability Counts
Four NGOs and two UN mandate bodies carry the war-crimes findings on Gaza; Israel’s own prosecutors report 74 investigations from 1,000+ referrals.
Data Report
What Do Human Rights Groups Argue When They Call Israel an Apartheid State? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations and Israel’s Own Records
The published apartheid arguments rest on a three-element treaty test. What each element claims, and what the primary records hold.
Data Report
What Evidence Is There of Israel Committing War Crimes? Reading the Findings Issued, the Party Counts and the Court Record
Israel’s military prosecutors report 74 criminal investigations; the wider war-crimes record is incident-level, dated and largely unadjudicated.
Data Report
Is Torture of Palestinian Prisoners a War Crime? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations Issued and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Geneva Convention IV names torture of protected persons a grave breach. What the treaty text, Israel’s court rulings and its own counts record.
Data Report
Is There a Policy of Starvation in Gaza? Reading the Treaty Standard, the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
No court has ruled on starvation as a method of war in Gaza. What the treaty text, the famine classification and Israel’s own aid counts record.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out a Deliberate Campaign of Starvation in Gaza? Reading the Determinations, the Treaty Standard and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four bodies issued deliberate-starvation determinations from 2023 to 2025; the judicial record reaches only reasonable grounds. What each figure measures.
Data Report
Is Israel Using Starvation as a Weapon Against Children in Gaza? Reading the Determinations Issued, the Treaty Standard and Each Party’s Own Counts
Named determinations, WHO screening figures, the Rome Statute’s intent standard and each party’s own published counts on child hunger in Gaza.
Data Report
Is Denying Palestinian Identity Part of an Apartheid System? Reading the Treaty Text, the Dated Determinations and Israel’s Own Records
The 1973 Apartheid Convention names the right to a nationality once. What the treaty text, the dated determinations and Israel’s own records hold.
Data Report
How Do West Bank Settlements Figure in Apartheid Allegations? Reading the Treaty Clause, the Dated Determinations and Israel’s Own Statistics
Which settlement policies the apartheid determinations name, why the settler counts differ, and what Israel’s own statistics and the treaty texts record.
Data Report
Does the Blockade Exacerbate the Gaza Genocide? Reading the Deprivation Figures, the Convention Text and Each Party’s Own Counts
Deprivation figures, the 1948 Convention text, court orders and each party’s own aid counts on whether restrictions worsened conditions in Gaza.
Data Report
What Is the Impact of Israeli Military Raids on Palestinian Civilians? Reading the Counts Each Party Publishes
The Gaza Ministry of Health counted 274 killed in one 2024 raid; Israel’s military reports 74 investigations opened. What each record measures.
Data Report
What Are the Characteristics of the System Described as “Israeli Apartheid”? Reading the Named Enumerations, the Treaty Text and the Official Counts
Two documents enumerate four and five characteristics. What the treaty definition, the census counts and Israel’s own statistics record about each.
Data Report
Which Historical Events Are Cited in Genocide Allegations Against Israel? Reading the Recorded Vote, the Archives and Each Party’s Own Counts
Six events recur in the allegations. What the 1982 recorded vote, the 1948 archives and each party’s own published counts state, dated.
Data Report
What Is the Connection Between the Genocide Convention and the Situation in Gaza? Reading the Treaty Text, the Procedural Record and Each Party’s Own Counts
The 1948 Genocide Convention supplies the definition, the duty and the clause behind the Gaza case. What the record holds, article by article, dated.
Data Report
What Is the Evidence Behind the Genocide Allegations in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Standards Applied and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four bodies published genocide findings on Gaza between 2024 and 2025. What each documented, which standard it applied, and what Israel published.
Data Report
Does the Gaza Death Toll Establish Genocide? Reading the Convention Text, the Counts and the Court Record
The Genocide Convention sets no threshold count. What the recorded tolls, the peer-reviewed survey estimate and the court record show.
Data Report
Is the Gaza Blockade a Violation of Human Dignity? Reading the Assessments Issued, the Legal Standards and Each Party’s Own Counts
The dignity phrasing traces to one 2008 humanitarian assessment. What the published characterizations, the treaty text and each party’s counts hold.
Data Report
What Does “Colonial Violence” Name in the Zionism Debate? Reading the Definitions, the Treaty Texts and the Counts
The phrase names four practices. No treaty defines it as an offence. Reading the published definitions, Israel’s enacted texts and the counts.
Data Report
Does Israel Practice Apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territories? Reading the Treaty Text, the Dated Determinations and the Court Record
Four determinations apply the term between 2021 and 2022, none of them judicial. What the treaty text, the court record and the coded comments hold.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Rule Meet the Apartheid Definition Under International Law? Reading the Three Treaty Texts, the Ratifications and the Court Record
Three treaties define apartheid differently. What each requires, which ones Israel has ratified, and what the one judicial instrument on record held.
Data Report
Does Israel Create a Double Exclusion of Palestinians? Reading the Statuses the Official Records Keep Apart
Four Palestinian population statuses appear in the official records, each counted by a different body. What each one measures, and where the evidence thins.
Data Report
Does the Gaza Conflict Encompass Mass Killings and Deliberate Starvation? What Each Body Counted
A Lancet Global Health survey estimated 75,200 violent deaths in Gaza to January 2025; the health ministry has recorded 460 malnutrition deaths.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out a Genocide in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Findings Issued and the Counts Each Party Publishes
The 1948 Convention sets two elements, a UN commission found four of five acts in 2025, and no court has ruled on the merits.
Data Report
What Pattern of Conduct Indicates Genocidal Intent in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Findings and Israel’s Own Counts
The 1948 Genocide Convention lists five acts. Which bodies say the Gaza pattern meets that standard, and what Israel’s own records count.
Data Report
Is Israel an Ethnostate Formed Through Apartheid and Ethnic Cleansing? Reading the Statutes, the Counts and the Scholarship
Israel’s own count records 2.13 million Arab citizens and residents. What the statutes, the 1949 refugee record and the scholarship hold.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza? Reading the Standard, the Findings Issued and the Counts Each Party Publishes
No court has ruled. What the issued findings say, what the legal standard requires, and what the official population and military counts record.
Data Report
What Evidence Supports the Claim That Israel’s Rule Amounts to Apartheid? Reading the Treaty Text, the Published Determinations and the Official Statistics
Four determinations published between January 2021 and March 2022 carry the finding. What the treaty text requires, and what the records hold.
Data Report
Is Anti-Zionism a Legitimate Moral Stand Against Israel’s Practices? Reading the Standards, the Rulings and the Coded Discourse
What a 2024 UK tribunal ruled, what the ADL and INSS standards set as the line, and what coded discourse studies measure about self-determination.
Data Report
Is Israel Committing War Crimes in Gaza? What the Legal Record and the Published Counts Hold
No court has entered a verdict. What the warrants, the treaty standards, the named findings and the parties’ own counts record.
Data Report
Did Israel Expel Palestinians From Their Land? Reading the Archives, the Founding Text and the 1948 Votes
Roughly 700,000 Palestinians were displaced in 1948. What the archives, Israel’s founding declaration and the recorded UN votes document.
Data Report
Have Israeli Heavy Bombs Wiped Out Entire Families and Neighborhoods?
Multigenerational families killed in single strikes are counted and dated in the record; neighborhood-level erasure is described rather than counted.
Data Report
Was the Gaza Campaign Unrestrained Against an Undefended Population? Reading the Counts Each Party Publishes
Israel’s own 2014 classification, an internal military database, a Lancet household survey and the Gaza health ministry tally, set side by side.
Data Report
What Will Happen to Civilians in Gaza? Reading the Counts Each Body Publishes
Gaza’s health ministry recorded 236,505 dead and injured by October 2025. What each count measures, and what each party publishes.
Data Report
Does Amnesty International Describe Israel’s Actions as Genocide and Apartheid? Reading the Published Documents and the Record Around Them
Two dated documents, one internal rejection, a named legal disagreement over intent, and the counts each party publishes.
Data Report
Has “Zionista” Become an Accusation of Murder, Racism and Genocide?
What coded corpora, two recorded UN votes and national incident records show about the word Zionist used as an accusation.
Data Report
What Is the “End Game of Zionism” Concerning Palestinian Land? Reading the Enacted Texts and the Land Records
Israel’s 2018 Basic Law, the Levy and Sasson reviews, and the Palestinian census records, set against the river-to-sea reading of Zionism’s stated end.
Data Report
Why Does US Media Undercount the Gaza Death Toll? What the Published Counts Actually Measure
US coverage carries one direct-death registry. Named bodies challenge it in both directions: 41% underreporting in The Lancet, and a 41,000 civilian ceiling.
Data Report
What Is the Historical Basis for Claims of Jewish Supremacy in Israel? Reading the Enacted Texts and the Court Record
The 1948 Declaration, the 2018 Basic Law passed 62 to 55, and two Supreme Court rulings: what the dated documents behind the claim actually say.
Data Report
What Methods Do Settlers Use to Displace Palestinians? Reading the Documentation, the Reviews and the Court Record
Three method groupings recur across the documented record, alongside Israel’s own 2005 commissioned review and two High Court evacuation rulings.
Data Report
Does Prior Presence Justify Forced Removal? Reading the Conventions, the Archives and the 1947 Vote
Three instruments, two archive-based histories and one recorded vote: what the texts and counts behind the 1948 displacement actually say.
Data Report
How Much Palestinian Land Has Israel Taken? Reading the Declarations, the Statutes and the Court Record
Published totals run from about 1 million to more than 17 million dunams. What each figure counts, and which body measured it.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Government Promote a Jewish Supremacist Agenda? Reading the Enacted Texts, the Votes and the Court Record
Israel’s Nation-State Basic Law passed 62 to 55 in 2018 with no equality clause. What the enacted texts, commissioned reviews and court rulings record.
Data Report
What Does the Documentary Record Show About Civilian Harm in Gaza?
Israel’s Foreign Ministry states two war objectives and names no third. The rest of the record is counts, nearly all published by a party to the events.
Data Report
What Do Israel’s Own Reviews and Court Records Say About Settler Outposts?
The 2005 Sasson Report, the 2012 Levy Report, a 2016 High Court order and the UN inquiry: what each document records about outposts and enforcement.
Data Report
How Have the Israeli and Palestinian Populations Grown, and Why Are the Numbers Disputed?
Israel grew from 2 million to over 10 million; the West Bank and Gaza from 2 million to 5.4 million. The growth, and why the counts behind it are disputed.
Trend Analysis
What Happened to the Gap Between Israeli and Palestinian Birth Rates?
The Israeli-Palestinian fertility gap fell from nearly four children per woman to under half a child between 1990 and 2024. The data, and the debate over why.
Data Report
Two National Counts of Antisemitism Differ Fivefold. What Explains the Gap?
The FBI logged 1,938 anti-Jewish hate crimes in 2024 and the ADL logged 9,354. Two national counts, five times apart, read category by category to find the gap.
Data Report
Foreign Funding, Protests, or Size: What Tracks Campus Antisemitism?
Three documented records, foreign funding, protest arrests, and antisemitic incidents, matched across 20 US campuses to see which ones actually move together.
Discourse
We Measured the Same Antisemitic Conspiracy in Search and in the Feed Where It Lives. What Does Each One Say?
A study of the conspiracy-of-power trope in two places: the top of search debunks it, while the conspiracy community where it lives affirms it about six times as often.
Discourse
We Read the 36 Most-Watched Israel-Gaza Explainers. How Do They Frame the Conflict?
A first-party study of the language in the 36 most-watched Israel-Gaza explainer videos: contested-claim verdicts, who is named the actor, and the words used for each side.
Trend Analysis
Which Antisemitic Narratives Are Gaining Search Attention?
A first reading of the Institute’s search-attention tally: searches for the great replacement rose about 240% year over year, anti-Zionism about 209%.
Explainer
Are Zionism and Judaism the Same Thing?
Zionism and Judaism are not synonyms: one is a political movement, the other a religion and peoplehood. A model shows how the two attitudes connect.
Explainer
What Is Zionism? How the Research Measures It
In the research, Zionism is measured as support for a Jewish state, reached through anti-Israel attitudes and denial of Jewish self-determination, its closest proxy.
Discourse
Is Anti-Zionism Antisemitism? What the Evidence Measures
Research does not settle whether anti-Zionism is antisemitism; it measures the link. A mediation model explains over 55% of anti-Israel attitudes.
Discourse
How Gaza-War Headlines Name the Agent of Violence
A corpus study of 1,976 Gaza-war headlines: only 19% depict a violent act, and when one names an actor it is Israel 80% of the time and no one 23%.