Method
What Records Would Settle NAZA’s Claims? The Counts Neither Side Has Published
Eight claims in the dispute over NAZA, the IDF record that would test each, and what has been published from it for this war.
Search
69 results for “Civilians”
Explainer
What Must an IDF Soldier Do Who Sees a Violation? NAZA’s Insiders and the IDF’s Own Rules
The IDF says NAZA’s interviewees had to report what they saw. Its ethics code, the black-flag test and 74 investigations show what that means.
Data Report
Does Hamas Fight From Civilian Sites, as the IDF Says in Answer to NAZA? What Israel’s Own Records Show
Israel’s own records back the IDF’s answer to NAZA with a map and cases, not a count. What they show about Hamas and civilian sites.
Data Report
Did IDF Strikes Stop at the Gaza Ceasefire? What Its Own Footage and the Ceasefire Record Show
Two IDF clips show strikes diverted after the Gaza ceasefire began. What they, resolution 2803 and each party’s ledger show about how it held.
Data Report
Did the IDF Strike Neighborhoods It Knew Were Still Populated? What Its Own Sector Map Shows
The IDF kept a 630-sector map of who stayed in Gaza. What it, Israel’s warning counts and IDF footage show about NAZA’s claim on populated areas.
Data Report
Does the IDF Bomb Homes Knowing Families Are Inside? What Its Own Target Card Shows
The one target card Israel has published lists a family at the target. What it, and Israel’s rules on warnings, show about NAZA’s claim.
Data Report
Does the IDF Deliberately Target Civilians, as NAZA Alleges? What Its Own Rules and Strike Footage Show
The IDF’s own definition of who may be attacked, its strike chart, 18 clips of its footage and Israel’s 2015 war report, set against NAZA’s claims.
Data Report
NAZA Says Civilian Deaths Were Built Into Strike Approvals. What Do the IDF’s Targeting Records Show?
What an IDF targeting presentation and 18 clips of IDF strike footage show about the documentary NAZA’s claim that civilian deaths were built into approvals.
Explainer
Does AI Decide Who the IDF Strikes, as NAZA Alleges? What Its Own Approval Chain Shows
The IDF’s nine targeting stages name no software. What they, its account of Habsora and Lavender, and 18 clips show about NAZA’s AI claim.
Data Report
What Does the Gaza Health Ministry Publish About Its Own Count? Reading the Four Lists, the Daily Report and the Ministry’s Own Statements
Gaza’s health ministry published 21,323 records in its first name-by-name list, and no list carries a date of death. What the documents show.
Data Report
Is the United States Complicit in Israeli War Crimes? What the Transfer Statutes and the Complicity Article Actually Require
Article 16 sets two cumulative conditions for complicity. United States arms law uses neither, and names international humanitarian law nowhere.
Data Report
What Do Other States Owe Over the Occupation? Reading the Codification Text, the Geneva Sentence and the Export Statutes
The duty not to recognize or assist is stated outright in a text never opened for signature. What the treaty sentence and the export statutes actually say.
Data Report
Does a Claim of Self-Defence Answer a Genocide Charge? Reading the Convention Text, the Rome Statute Grounds and the Charter Article
The 1948 Genocide Convention runs to 19 articles and none states a defence. Where self-defence sits instead, and which question each instrument answers.
Data Report
How Does the Gaza Blockade Affect Children? Reading the Child Population Each Bureau Projects and the Counts the Ministry Publishes
1,046,400 children under 18 lived in Gaza at mid-2023 on the bureau’s own projection, and the ministry that counts children among the dead counts no missing.
Data Report
Are Israeli Forces Targeting Palestinian Children? Reading the Registers That Count Children and Each Party’s Own Records
One register counts Gaza’s children as children: the Gaza Ministry of Health’s, at 15,613 of 50,021. What its own documents record, and what Israel’s do not.
Method
Are Gaza’s Casualty Figures Propaganda? Reading the Ministry’s Own Published Lists, Document by Document
The Ministry of Health in Gaza published 21,323 named records to 29 March 2024. What its four lists hold, what it excludes, and what no column records.
Data Report
What Do UN Reports Find About Children in Gaza? Reading the Documents Named, the Peer-Reviewed Analyses and Where Each Figure Was Produced
Naming the documents behind “UN reports say” on children in Gaza: 68.2% of 475 schools damaged in 46 days, and where each relayed figure was produced.
Data Report
Are 72% of Gaza’s Dead Women and Children? Reading What Each Share Counts
A Lancet study reports 16,699 of 28,257 recorded Gaza deaths, 59.1%, as women, children under 18 and people 65 and over. Each share counts a different base.
Data Report
Do Israeli Settlements Hinder the Two-State Solution? Reading the Signed Interim Agreement, the Court Records and the Recorded Votes
What the 1995 Interim Agreement, two Israeli outpost judgments and a 1933 treaty actually say about settlements, Area C jurisdiction and statehood.
Method
Does the Gaza Health Ministry Undercount or Overcount Deaths? Reading the Registry’s Two Channels and the One Test Run Against It
One peer-reviewed test estimated 64,260 traumatic-injury deaths against 37,877 reported; a research institute puts a civilian ceiling at 41,000.
Data Report
Has Israel Violated the Gaza Ceasefire Agreement? Reading the Resolution, the Mandated Report and Each Party’s Own Count
Security Council resolution 2803 uses the word violation zero times. What the one mandated report and each party’s own count actually record.
Data Report
Is Settler Colonialism in the West Bank as Bad as People Say? Reading the Official Registers, the Planning Data and the Demolition Counts
Israel’s own register, EU planning and demolition data, the two totals that diverge by 18,518 units, and where the label is disputed but the counts are not.
Data Report
Who Is the Aggressor in the Israel-Palestine Conflict? Reading the Definition, the Deciding Forum and Each Party’s Own Counts
Aggression is a defined legal term with one deciding forum. What the 1974 definition, the recorded votes and each party’s own counts record.
Data Report
Who Is Preventing Peace? Reading the Parties’ Own Conditions, the Recorded Votes and the Conflict Datasets
No dataset ranks who blocks peace. What the record holds: each party’s stated conditions, a 2018 Basic Law, a 2021 ruling and four recorded votes.
Data Report
Why Is the IDF Called the Israeli Occupation Forces? Reading the Founding Order, Israel’s Own Record and the Measured Corpora
The army was named by order of Israel’s Provisional Government on 26 May 1948. What the legal record, the army’s own code and coded corpora show.
Data Report
Is the IDF the World’s Most Moral Army? Reading the Surveys, the Army’s Own Code and Its Own Investigation Counts
In a 2022 JPPI survey, 47% of Israeli Jews called the claim highly accurate. What the surveys, the army’s own code and its own investigation counts record.
Data Report
Why Are Israeli Settlements Considered Illegal Under International Law? Reading the Treaty Clause, the Recorded Vote and Israel’s Own Court Record
The illegality finding traces to one sentence of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention. What the clause says, and where the reading is disputed.
Data Report
Were Children in Gaza Shot in Areas Designated as Safe? Reading the Compiled Cases, the Treaty Text and Each Party’s Own Counts
A BBC investigation compiled 168 cases of children shot in Gaza, 95 in the head or chest. What the records establish and what they do not.
Data Report
Were October 7 Warnings From Israeli Signals Intelligence Ignored? Reading the Probes, the Agency’s Own Account and the Reporting Record
The military’s own probe counted five warning signs on the night of 6 to 7 October. What each account of ignored warnings actually records.
Data Report
How Have the October 7 Atrocities Been Justified? Reading the Catalogued Frames, the Party’s Own Text and the Treaty Clauses
Three catalogued denial categories, Hamas’s own January 2024 text, the treaty clauses that answer them, and the monitoring counts that coincided.
Data Report
What Is the Relationship Between the IDF and Israeli Settlers in the West Bank? Reading the Official Records, the Enacted Texts and the Testimony
The State Department’s 2023 report, Israel’s own enacted texts and the 2024 transfer of civil powers, against the figures nobody publishes.
Data Report
Does Hamas Account for Deaths Caused by Hamas Itself? Reading the Fields on the Published Lists
What the Gaza Ministry of Health’s fatality records actually contain, what each party counts separately, and what no published list reconciles.
Data Report
What Is the Current Situation in the Gaza Strip? Reading the Counts Each Body Publishes
UNICEF, a World Bank, EU and UN damage assessment and Israel’s own agencies each publish a different piece of the Gaza picture. What the dated counts record.
Data Report
Is Blocking Humanitarian Aid to Gaza Collective Punishment? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four named bodies apply the term and no tribunal has entered the finding. What Article 33, the relief-passage rules and each party’s counts record.
Data Report
Which Humanitarian Organizations Have Documented Israeli War Crimes? Reading the Published Findings and the Accountability Counts
Four NGOs and two UN mandate bodies carry the war-crimes findings on Gaza; Israel’s own prosecutors report 74 investigations from 1,000+ referrals.
Data Report
What Evidence Is There of Israel Committing War Crimes? Reading the Findings Issued, the Party Counts and the Court Record
Israel’s military prosecutors report 74 criminal investigations; the wider war-crimes record is incident-level, dated and largely unadjudicated.
Data Report
Is Torture of Palestinian Prisoners a War Crime? Reading the Treaty Text, the Determinations Issued and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Geneva Convention IV names torture of protected persons a grave breach. What the treaty text, Israel’s court rulings and its own counts record.
Data Report
Are Attacks on Palestinian Civilians and Property Systematic? Reading the Findings Issued, the Treaty Standard and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Four named bodies have issued findings of systematic attacks since 2023. What the treaty standard requires, and what Israel’s own investigation counts record.
Data Report
Is There a Policy of Starvation in Gaza? Reading the Treaty Standard, the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
No court has ruled on starvation as a method of war in Gaza. What the treaty text, the famine classification and Israel’s own aid counts record.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out a Deliberate Campaign of Starvation in Gaza? Reading the Determinations, the Treaty Standard and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four bodies issued deliberate-starvation determinations from 2023 to 2025; the judicial record reaches only reasonable grounds. What each figure measures.
Data Report
Is Israel Using Starvation as a Weapon Against Children in Gaza? Reading the Determinations Issued, the Treaty Standard and Each Party’s Own Counts
Named determinations, WHO screening figures, the Rome Statute’s intent standard and each party’s own published counts on child hunger in Gaza.
Data Report
How Does the Occupation Since 1967 Feed Apartheid Allegations? Reading the Treaty Texts, the Court Record and Israel’s Own Statistics
Israel has held the West Bank and East Jerusalem since June 1967. What the treaty texts, court records and official statistics document.
Data Report
Does the Blockade Exacerbate the Gaza Genocide? Reading the Deprivation Figures, the Convention Text and Each Party’s Own Counts
Deprivation figures, the 1948 Convention text, court orders and each party’s own aid counts on whether restrictions worsened conditions in Gaza.
Data Report
What Is the Impact of Israeli Military Raids on Palestinian Civilians? Reading the Counts Each Party Publishes
The Gaza Ministry of Health counted 274 killed in one 2024 raid; Israel’s military reports 74 investigations opened. What each record measures.
Data Report
What Are the Characteristics of the System Described as “Israeli Apartheid”? Reading the Named Enumerations, the Treaty Text and the Official Counts
Two documents enumerate four and five characteristics. What the treaty definition, the census counts and Israel’s own statistics record about each.
Data Report
Why Is Israel Seen as the Aggressor? Reading the Polls, the Party Counts and the Framing Studies
Gallup’s sympathies reading fell from 63% in 2010 to 46% in 2025. Which reasons offered for the shift carry a dated measurement, and which do not.
Data Report
Which Historical Incidents Are Cited as Israeli War Crimes? Reading the Compilations, the Court Records and the Commissions of Inquiry
Eight incidents recur across the published compilations, from April 1948 to October 2023. One produced a criminal conviction in an Israeli court.
Data Report
Which Historical Events Are Cited in Genocide Allegations Against Israel? Reading the Recorded Vote, the Archives and Each Party’s Own Counts
Six events recur in the allegations. What the 1982 recorded vote, the 1948 archives and each party’s own published counts state, dated.
Data Report
What Is the Connection Between the Genocide Convention and the Situation in Gaza? Reading the Treaty Text, the Procedural Record and Each Party’s Own Counts
The 1948 Genocide Convention supplies the definition, the duty and the clause behind the Gaza case. What the record holds, article by article, dated.
Data Report
What Is the Evidence Behind the Genocide Allegations in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Standards Applied and Each Party’s Own Counts
Four bodies published genocide findings on Gaza between 2024 and 2025. What each documented, which standard it applied, and what Israel published.
Data Report
Does the Gaza Death Toll Establish Genocide? Reading the Convention Text, the Counts and the Court Record
The Genocide Convention sets no threshold count. What the recorded tolls, the peer-reviewed survey estimate and the court record show.
Data Report
Has Israel Continued to Use Starvation as a Weapon of War in Gaza? Reading the Determinations Issued and Each Party’s Own Counts
Five dated determinations from 2023 to 2025, the standard each one applied, and the counts Israel and Gaza health officials each publish.
Data Report
What Does “Colonial Violence” Name in the Zionism Debate? Reading the Definitions, the Treaty Texts and the Counts
The phrase names four practices. No treaty defines it as an offence. Reading the published definitions, Israel’s enacted texts and the counts.
Data Report
Does Israel Intentionally Target Civilian Infrastructure? Reading the Determinations, the Satellite Data and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
No court has ruled on a single strike. What UN determinations, satellite analysis and Israel’s own investigation counts each record, and what each measures.
Data Report
Does Israel’s Rule Meet the Apartheid Definition Under International Law? Reading the Three Treaty Texts, the Ratifications and the Court Record
Three treaties define apartheid differently. What each requires, which ones Israel has ratified, and what the one judicial instrument on record held.
Data Report
Does the Gaza Conflict Encompass Mass Killings and Deliberate Starvation? What Each Body Counted
A Lancet Global Health survey estimated 75,200 violent deaths in Gaza to January 2025; the health ministry has recorded 460 malnutrition deaths.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out a Genocide in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Findings Issued and the Counts Each Party Publishes
The 1948 Convention sets two elements, a UN commission found four of five acts in 2025, and no court has ruled on the merits.
Data Report
What Pattern of Conduct Indicates Genocidal Intent in Gaza? Reading the Convention Text, the Findings and Israel’s Own Counts
The 1948 Genocide Convention lists five acts. Which bodies say the Gaza pattern meets that standard, and what Israel’s own records count.
Data Report
Is Israel Carrying Out Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza? Reading the Standard, the Findings Issued and the Counts Each Party Publishes
No court has ruled. What the issued findings say, what the legal standard requires, and what the official population and military counts record.
Data Report
Is Israel Deliberately Targeting Palestinian Civilians? Reading the Findings Issued, the Directives and Israel’s Own Investigation Counts
Named bodies allege direct attacks on civilians. Israel’s military advocate reports 74 criminal investigations from over 1,000 referred incidents.
Data Report
Is Israel Committing War Crimes in Gaza? What the Legal Record and the Published Counts Hold
No court has entered a verdict. What the warrants, the treaty standards, the named findings and the parties’ own counts record.
Data Report
Was the Gaza Campaign Unrestrained Against an Undefended Population? Reading the Counts Each Party Publishes
Israel’s own 2014 classification, an internal military database, a Lancet household survey and the Gaza health ministry tally, set side by side.
Data Report
What Will Happen to Civilians in Gaza? Reading the Counts Each Body Publishes
Gaza’s health ministry recorded 236,505 dead and injured by October 2025. What each count measures, and what each party publishes.
Data Report
Does Amnesty International Describe Israel’s Actions as Genocide and Apartheid? Reading the Published Documents and the Record Around Them
Two dated documents, one internal rejection, a named legal disagreement over intent, and the counts each party publishes.
Data Report
Why Does US Media Undercount the Gaza Death Toll? What the Published Counts Actually Measure
US coverage carries one direct-death registry. Named bodies challenge it in both directions: 41% underreporting in The Lancet, and a 41,000 civilian ceiling.
Data Report
Does Prior Presence Justify Forced Removal? Reading the Conventions, the Archives and the 1947 Vote
Three instruments, two archive-based histories and one recorded vote: what the texts and counts behind the 1948 displacement actually say.
Data Report
What Does the Documentary Record Show About Civilian Harm in Gaza?
Israel’s Foreign Ministry states two war objectives and names no third. The rest of the record is counts, nearly all published by a party to the events.
Data Report
What Do Israel’s Own Reviews and Court Records Say About Settler Outposts?
The 2005 Sasson Report, the 2012 Levy Report, a 2016 High Court order and the UN inquiry: what each document records about outposts and enforcement.
Discourse
How Gaza-War Headlines Name the Agent of Violence
A corpus study of 1,976 Gaza-war headlines: only 19% depict a violent act, and when one names an actor it is Israel 80% of the time and no one 23%.